| Carbon Monoxide / Hydro Carbons / Oxides of Nitrogen / Oxygen / Carbon Dioxide |
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| Carbon Monoxide (CO) - Colorless, Odorless, POISONOUS Gas. |
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Rich Indicator: Incomplete Combustion; Carbon in fuel is only partially oxidized.
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| Faults: |
-Restricted air filter
-Rich fuel control
-Excessive fuel pressure
-Carb. flooding - Choke sticking
-Saturated evaporation
-Contaminated crankcase
-Engine condition
-Catalyst efficiency
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| Hydro Carbons (HC) |
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Unburnt fuel, raw fuel: Fuel molecules that have not been completely burned.
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| Faults: |
-Ignition problem
-Mech. prob.-poor compression
-Retarded timing
-Lean misfire
-Cold combustion temp.'s
-Catalyst efficiency
-Very rich condition: Excess fuel can not be burnt
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| Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) |
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Temperature Indicator: At high temperatures, nitrogen and oxygen fuse during combustion, under load conditions.
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| Faults: |
-Cooling system problem
-E.G.R.
-Lean condition
-Advanced timing
-Catalyst Efficiency.
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| Oxygen (O2) |
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Lean Indicator: Lean Engine has a high level of O2. Rich Engine has a low level of O2.
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| Faults: |
-Leaking exhaust
-Misfire |
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| Carbon Dioxide (CO2) |
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Efficiency Indicator: Highest at 14.7 to 1 A/F Ratio. Byproduct of complete combustion. Optimal readings for engine and catalyst efficiency are between 13% and 15% without an air pump or between 9% and 12% with an air pump.
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